Non-volatile memory with updating of read compare voltages based on measured current

ABSTRACT

A memory system reads data from non-volatile memory cells using a set of read compare voltages to determine which data state the memory cells are in, where each data state is associated with predetermined data values. The read compare voltages are determined dynamically based on a difference between memory cell current at time of programming and memory cell current at time of reading.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates to non-volatile storage.

Semiconductor memory is widely used in various electronic devices such as cellular telephones, digital cameras, personal digital assistants, medical electronics, mobile computing devices, servers, solid state drives, non-mobile computing devices and other devices. Semiconductor memory may comprise non-volatile memory or volatile memory. Non-volatile memory allows information to be stored and retained even when the non-volatile memory is not connected to a source of power (e.g., a battery). One example of non-volatile memory is flash memory (e.g., NAND-type and NOR-type flash memory).

Users of non-volatile memory can program (i.e., write) data to the non-volatile memory and later read that data back. For example, a digital camera may take a photograph and store the photograph in non-volatile memory. Later, a user of the digital camera may view the photograph by having the digital camera read the photograph from the non-volatile memory. Because users often rely on the data they store, it is important to users of non-volatile memory to be able to store data reliably so that it can be read back successfully.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Like-numbered elements refer to common components in the different figures.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram depicting one embodiment of a storage system.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram of one embodiment of a memory die.

FIG. 2B is a block diagram of one embodiment of an integrated memory assembly.

FIGS. 3A and 3B depict different embodiments of integrated memory assemblies.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a portion of one embodiment of a monolithic three dimensional memory structure.

FIG. 4A is a block diagram of one embodiment of a memory structure having two planes.

FIG. 4B depicts a top view of a portion of one embodiment of a block of memory cells.

FIG. 4C depicts a cross sectional view of a portion of one embodiment of a block of memory cells.

FIG. 4D depicts a cross sectional view of a portion of one embodiment of a block of memory cells.

FIG. 4E depicts a cross sectional view of a portion of one embodiment of a block of memory cells.

FIG. 4F is a cross sectional view of one embodiment of a vertical column of memory cells.

FIG. 4G depicts a cross section of as memory hole that implements a vertical NAND string.

FIG. 4H depicts a cross section of as memory hole that implements a vertical NAND string.

FIG. 4I depicts a cross section of as memory hole that implements a vertical NAND string.

FIG. 4J is a schematic of a plurality of NAND strings in multiple sub-blocks of a same block.

FIG. 5A depicts threshold voltage distributions.

FIG. 5B depicts threshold voltage distributions.

FIG. 5C depicts threshold voltage distributions.

FIG. 5D depicts threshold voltage distributions.

FIG. 5E depicts threshold voltage distributions.

FIG. 5F depicts threshold voltage distributions.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart describing one embodiment of a process for programming non-volatile memory.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart describing one embodiment of a process for programming and reading that includes determining the read compare voltages.

FIGS. 8A and 8B together are a flow chart describing one embodiment of a process for programming and reading that includes determining the read compare voltages.

FIG. 9 depicts two blocks of memory cells.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram depicting a control circuit connected to a memory array comprising a plurality of non-volatile memory cells.

FIG. 11 is a flow chart describing one embodiment of a process for programming and reading.

FIG. 12 is a flow chart describing one embodiment of a process for programming and reading that includes updating the read compare voltages.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram depicting a control circuit connected to multiple memory arrays comprising a plurality of non-volatile memory cells.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram depicting a super page.

FIG. 15 is a flow chart describing one embodiment of a process for programming and reading that includes updating the read compare voltages.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Non-volatile storage systems typically store data as multiple bits per memory cell by programming the memory cells into a set of data states, where each data state corresponds to a separate threshold voltage distribution. Each data state represents a unique set of data bits. A set of read compare voltages are utilized, with one read compare voltage between each neighboring pair of data states. To read the data, the non-volatile storage system compares the threshold voltages of the memory cells to the set of read compare voltages in order to determine what data state the memory cell has been programmed to.

While the above-described system for programming and reading works well, it is possible that over time the threshold voltages of a population of memory cells shifts, which results in the read compare voltages no longer accurately demarcating between data states. Therefore, it is proposed that the non-volatile storage system determine new read compare voltages based on a difference between memory cell current at time of programming and memory cell current at time of reading. More details are provided below.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a storage system 100 that implements the proposed technology described herein. In one embodiment, storage system 100 is a solid state drive (“SSD”). Storage system 100 can also be a memory card, USB drive or other type of storage system. The proposed technology is not limited to any one type of memory system. Storage system 100 is connected to host 102, which can be a computer, server, electronic device (e.g., smart phone, tablet or other mobile device), appliance, or another apparatus that uses memory and has data processing capabilities. In some embodiments, host 102 is separate from, but connected to, storage system 100. In other embodiments, storage system 100 is embedded within host 102.

The components of storage system 100 depicted in FIG. 1 are electrical circuits. Storage system 100 includes a memory controller 120 connected to non-volatile memory 130 and local high speed volatile memory 140 (e.g., DRAM). Local high speed volatile memory 140 is used by memory controller 120 to perform certain functions. For example, local high speed volatile memory 140 stores logical to physical address translation tables (“L2P tables”) and other metadata MD for the data stored in non-volatile memory 130. In one embodiment, storage system 100 includes a temperature sensor 165, which can be any temperature sensor known in the art.

Memory controller 120 comprises a host interface 152 that is connected to and in communication with host 102. In one embodiment, host interface 152 implements a NVM Express (NVMe) over PCI Express (PCIe). Other interfaces can also be used, such as SCSI, SATA, etc. Host interface 152 is also connected to a network-on-chip (NOC) 154. A NOC is a communication subsystem on an integrated circuit. NOC's can span synchronous and asynchronous clock domains or use unclocked asynchronous logic. NOC technology applies networking theory and methods to on-chip communications and brings notable improvements over conventional bus and crossbar interconnections. NOC improves the scalability of systems on a chip (SoC) and the power efficiency of complex SoCs compared to other designs. The wires and the links of the NOC are shared by many signals. A high level of parallelism is achieved because all links in the NOC can operate simultaneously on different data packets. Therefore, as the complexity of integrated subsystems keep growing, a NOC provides enhanced performance (such as throughput) and scalability in comparison with previous communication architectures (e.g., dedicated point-to-point signal wires, shared buses, or segmented buses with bridges). In other embodiments, NOC 154 can be replaced by a bus. Connected to and in communication with NOC 154 is processor 156, ECC engine 158, memory interface 160, and DRAM controller 164. DRAM controller 164 is used to operate and communicate with local high speed volatile memory 140 (e.g., DRAM). In other embodiments, local high speed volatile memory 140 can be SRAM or another type of volatile memory.

ECC engine 158 performs error correction services. For example, ECC engine 158 performs data encoding and decoding, as per the implemented ECC technique. In one embodiment, ECC engine 158 is an electrical circuit programmed by software. For example, ECC engine 158 can be a processor that can be programmed. In other embodiments, ECC engine 158 is a custom and dedicated hardware circuit without any software. In another embodiment, the function of ECC engine 158 is implemented by processor 156.

Processor 156 performs the various controller memory operations, such as programming, erasing, reading, and memory management processes. In one embodiment, processor 156 is programmed by firmware. In other embodiments, processor 156 is a custom and dedicated hardware circuit without any software. Processor 156 also implements a translation module, as a software/firmware process or as a dedicated hardware circuit. In many systems, the non-volatile memory is addressed internally to the storage system using physical addresses associated with the one or more memory die. However, the host system will use logical addresses to address the various memory locations. This enables the host to assign data to consecutive logical addresses, while the storage system is free to store the data as it wishes among the locations of the one or more memory die. To implement this system, memory controller 120 (e.g., the translation module) performs address translation between the logical addresses used by the host and the physical addresses used by the memory dies. One example implementation is to maintain tables (i.e. the L2P tables mentioned above) that identify the current translation between logical addresses and physical addresses. An entry in the L2P table may include an identification of a logical address and corresponding physical address. Although logical address to physical address tables (or L2P tables) include the word “tables” they need not literally be tables. Rather, the logical address to physical address tables (or L2P tables) can be any type of data structure. In some examples, the memory space of a storage system is so large that the local memory 140 cannot hold all of the L2P tables. In such a case, the entire set of L2P tables are stored in a memory die 130 and a subset of the L2P tables are cached (L2P cache) in the local high speed volatile memory 140.

Memory interface 160 communicates with non-volatile memory 130. In one embodiment, memory interface provides a Toggle Mode interface. Other interfaces can also be used. In some example implementations, memory interface 160 (or another portion of controller 120) implements a scheduler and buffer for transmitting data to and receiving data from one or more memory die.

In one embodiment, non-volatile memory 130 comprises one or more memory die. FIG. 2A is a functional block diagram of one embodiment of a memory die 200 that comprises non-volatile memory 130. Each of the one or more memory die of non-volatile memory 130 can be implemented as memory die 200 of FIG. 2A. The components depicted in FIG. 2A are electrical circuits. Memory die 200 includes a memory array 202 that can comprise non-volatile memory cells, as described in more detail below. The array terminal lines of memory array 202 include the various layer(s) of word lines organized as rows, and the various layer(s) of bit lines organized as columns. However, other orientations can also be implemented. Memory die 200 includes row control circuitry 220, whose outputs 208 are connected to respective word lines of the memory array 202. Row control circuitry 220 receives a group of M row address signals and one or more various control signals from System Control Logic circuit 206, and typically may include such circuits as row decoders 222, array terminal drivers 224, and block select circuitry 226 for both reading and writing (programming) operations. Row control circuitry 220 may also include read/write circuitry. Memory die 200 also includes column control circuitry 210 including sense amplifier(s) 230 whose input/outputs 206 are connected to respective bit lines of the memory array 202. Although only single block is shown for array 202, a memory die can include multiple arrays that can be individually accessed. Column control circuitry 210 receives a group of N column address signals and one or more various control signals from System Control Logic 260, and typically may include such circuits as column decoders 212, array terminal receivers or driver circuits 214, block select circuitry 216, as well as read/write circuitry, and I/O multiplexers.

System control logic 260 receives data and commands from memory controller 120 and provides output data and status to the host. In some embodiments, the system control logic 260 (which comprises one or more electrical circuits) includes state machine 262 that provides die-level control of memory operations. In one embodiment, the state machine 262 is programmable by software. In other embodiments, the state machine 262 does not use software and is completely implemented in hardware (e.g., electrical circuits). In another embodiment, the state machine 262 is replaced by a micro-controller or microprocessor, either on or off the memory chip. System control logic 262 can also include a power control module 264 that controls the power and voltages supplied to the rows and columns of the memory structure 202 during memory operations and may include charge pumps and regulator circuit for creating regulating voltages. System control logic 262 includes storage 366 (e.g., RAM, registers, latches, etc.), which may be used to store parameters for operating the memory array 202. In some embodiments, system control logic 260 includes temperature sensor 261, which can be any suitable temperature sensor known in the art.

Commands and data are transferred between memory controller 120 and memory die 200 via memory controller interface 268 (also referred to as a “communication interface”). Memory controller interface 268 is an electrical interface for communicating with memory controller 120. Examples of memory controller interface 268 include a Toggle Mode Interface and an Open NAND Flash Interface (ONFI). Other I/O interfaces can also be used.

In some embodiments, all the elements of memory die 200, including the system control logic 260, can be formed as part of a single die. In other embodiments, some or all of the system control logic 260 can be formed on a different die.

In one embodiment, memory structure 202 comprises a three-dimensional memory array of non-volatile memory cells in which multiple memory levels are formed above a single substrate, such as a wafer. The memory structure may comprise any type of non-volatile memory that are monolithically formed in one or more physical levels of memory cells having an active area disposed above a silicon (or other type of) substrate. In one example, the non-volatile memory cells comprise vertical NAND strings with charge-trapping layers.

In another embodiment, memory structure 202 comprises a two-dimensional memory array of non-volatile memory cells. In one example, the non-volatile memory cells are NAND flash memory cells utilizing floating gates. Other types of memory cells (e.g., NOR-type flash memory) can also be used.

The exact type of memory array architecture or memory cell included in memory structure 202 is not limited to the examples above. Many different types of memory array architectures or memory technologies can be used to form memory structure 202. No particular non-volatile memory technology is required for purposes of the new claimed embodiments proposed herein. Other examples of suitable technologies for memory cells of the memory structure 202 include ReRAM memories (resistive random access memories), magnetoresistive memory (e.g., MRAM, Spin Transfer Torque MRAM, Spin Orbit Torque MRAM), FeRAM, phase change memory (e.g., PCM), and the like. Examples of suitable technologies for memory cell architectures of the memory structure 202 include two dimensional arrays, three dimensional arrays, cross-point arrays, stacked two dimensional arrays, vertical bit line arrays, and the like.

One example of a ReRAM cross-point memory includes reversible resistance-switching elements arranged in cross-point arrays accessed by X lines and Y lines (e.g., word lines and bit lines). In another embodiment, the memory cells may include conductive bridge memory elements. A conductive bridge memory element may also be referred to as a programmable metallization cell. A conductive bridge memory element may be used as a state change element based on the physical relocation of ions within a solid electrolyte. In some cases, a conductive bridge memory element may include two solid metal electrodes, one relatively inert (e.g., tungsten) and the other electrochemically active (e.g., silver or copper), with a thin film of the solid electrolyte between the two electrodes. As temperature increases, the mobility of the ions also increases causing the programming threshold for the conductive bridge memory cell to decrease. Thus, the conductive bridge memory element may have a wide range of programming thresholds over temperature.

Another example is magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) that stores data by magnetic storage elements. The elements are formed from two ferromagnetic layers, each of which can hold a magnetization, separated by a thin insulating layer. One of the two layers is a permanent magnet set to a particular polarity; the other layer's magnetization can be changed to match that of an external field to store memory. A memory device is built from a grid of such memory cells. In one embodiment for programming, each memory cell lies between a pair of write lines arranged at right angles to each other, parallel to the cell, one above and one below the cell. When current is passed through them, an induced magnetic field is created. MRAM based memory embodiments will be discussed in more detail below.

Phase change memory (PCM) exploits the unique behavior of chalcogenide glass. One embodiment uses a GeTe—Sb2Te3 super lattice to achieve non-thermal phase changes by simply changing the co-ordination state of the Germanium atoms with a laser pulse (or light pulse from another source). Therefore, the doses of programming are laser pulses. The memory cells can be inhibited by blocking the memory cells from receiving the light. In other PCM embodiments, the memory cells are programmed by current pulses. Note that the use of “pulse” in this document does not require a square pulse but includes a (continuous or non-continuous) vibration or burst of sound, current, voltage light, or other wave. These memory elements within the individual selectable memory cells, or bits, may include a further series element that is a selector, such as an ovonic threshold switch or metal insulator substrate.

A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the technology described herein is not limited to a single specific memory structure, memory construction or material composition, but covers many relevant memory structures within the spirit and scope of the technology as described herein and as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

The elements of FIG. 2A can be grouped into two parts: (1) memory structure 202 and (2) peripheral circuitry, which includes all the components depicted in FIG. 2A other than memory structure 202. An important characteristic of a memory circuit is its capacity, which can be increased by increasing the area of the memory die of storage system 100 that is given over to the memory structure 202; however, this reduces the area of the memory die available for the peripheral circuitry. This can place quite severe restrictions on these elements of the peripheral circuitry. For example, the need to fit sense amplifier circuits within the available area can be a significant restriction on sense amplifier design architectures. With respect to the system control logic 260, reduced availability of area can limit the available functionalities that can be implemented on-chip. Consequently, a basic trade-off in the design of a memory die for the storage system 100 is the amount of area to devote to the memory structure 202 and the amount of area to devote to the peripheral circuitry.

Another area in which the memory structure 202 and the peripheral circuitry are often at odds is in the processing involved in forming these regions, since these regions often involve differing processing technologies and the trade-off in having differing technologies on a single die. For example, when the memory structure 202 is NAND flash, this is an NMOS structure, while the peripheral circuitry is often CMOS based. For example, elements such sense amplifier circuits, charge pumps, logic elements in a state machine, and other peripheral circuitry in system control logic 260 often employ PMOS devices. Processing operations for manufacturing a CMOS die will differ in many aspects from the processing operations optimized for an NMOS flash NAND memory or other memory cell technologies.

To improve upon these limitations, embodiments described below can separate the elements of FIG. 2A onto separately formed dies that are then bonded together. More specifically, the memory structure 202 can be formed on one die (referred to as the memory die) and some or all of the peripheral circuitry elements, including one or more control circuits, can be formed on a separate die (referred to as the control die). For example, a memory die can be formed of just the memory elements, such as the array of memory cells of flash NAND memory, MRAM memory, PCM memory, ReRAM memory, or other memory type. Some or all the peripheral circuitry, even including elements such as decoders and sense amplifiers, can then be moved on to a separate control die. This allows each of the memory die to be optimized individually according to its technology. For example, a NAND memory die can be optimized for an NMOS based memory array structure, without worrying about the CMOS elements that have now been moved onto a control die that can be optimized for CMOS processing. This allows more space for the peripheral elements, which can now incorporate additional capabilities that could not be readily incorporated were they restricted to the margins of the same die holding the memory cell array. The two die can then be bonded together in a bonded multi-die memory circuit, with the array on the one die connected to the periphery elements on the other die. Although the following will focus on a bonded memory circuit of one memory die and one control die, other embodiments can use more die, such as two memory die and one control die, for example.

FIG. 2B shows an alternative arrangement to that of FIG. 2A which may be implemented using wafer-to-wafer bonding to provide a bonded die pair. FIG. 2B depicts a functional block diagram of one embodiment of an integrated memory assembly 207. One or more integrated memory assemblies 207 may be used to implement the non-volatile memory 130 of storage system 100. The integrated memory assembly 207 includes two types of semiconductor die (or more succinctly, “die”). Memory die 201 includes memory structure 202. Memory structure 202 includes non-volatile memory cells. Control die 211 includes control circuitry 260, 210, and 220 (as described above). In some embodiments, control die 211 is configured to connect to the memory structure 202 in the memory die 201. In some embodiments, the memory die 201 and the control die 211 are bonded together.

FIG. 2B shows an example of the peripheral circuitry, including control circuits, formed in a peripheral circuit or control die 211 coupled to memory structure 202 formed in memory die 201. Common components are labelled similarly to FIG. 2A. System control logic 260, row control circuitry 220, and column control circuitry 210 are located in control die 211. In some embodiments, all or a portion of the column control circuitry 210 and all or a portion of the row control circuitry 220 are located on the memory die 201. In some embodiments, some of the circuitry in the system control logic 260 is located on the on the memory die 201.

System control logic 260, row control circuitry 220, and column control circuitry 210 may be formed by a common process (e.g., CMOS process), so that adding elements and functionalities, such as ECC, more typically found on a memory controller 120 may require few or no additional process steps (i.e., the same process steps used to fabricate controller 120 may also be used to fabricate system control logic 260, row control circuitry 220, and column control circuitry 210). Thus, while moving such circuits from a die such as memory 2 die 201 may reduce the number of steps needed to fabricate such a die, adding such circuits to a die such as control die 211 may not require many additional process steps. The control die 211 could also be referred to as a CMOS die, due to the use of CMOS technology to implement some or all of control circuitry 260, 210, 220.

FIG. 2B shows column control circuitry 210 including sense amplifier(s) 230 on the control die 211 coupled to memory structure 202 on the memory die 201 through electrical paths 206. For example, electrical paths 206 may provide electrical connection between column decoder 212, driver circuitry 214, and block select 216 and bit lines of memory structure 202. Electrical paths may extend from column control circuitry 210 in control die 211 through pads on control die 211 that are bonded to corresponding pads of the memory die 201, which are connected to bit lines of memory structure 202. Each bit line of memory structure 202 may have a corresponding electrical path in electrical paths 306, including a pair of bond pads, which connects to column control circuitry 210. Similarly, row control circuitry 220, including row decoder 222, array drivers 224, and block select 226 are coupled to memory structure 202 through electrical paths 208. Each of electrical path 208 may correspond to a word line, dummy word line, or select gate line. Additional electrical paths may also be provided between control die 211 and memory die 201.

For purposes of this document, the phrases “a control circuit” or “one or more control circuits” can include any one of or any combination of memory controller 120, state machine 262, all or a portion of system control logic 260, all or a portion of row control circuitry 220, all or a portion of column control circuitry 210, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, and/or other similar functioned circuits. The control circuit can include hardware only or a combination of hardware and software (including firmware). For example, a controller programmed by firmware to perform the functions described herein is one example of a control circuit. A control circuit can include a processor, FGA, ASIC, integrated circuit, or other type of circuit.

In some embodiments, there is more than one control die 211 and more than one memory die 201 in an integrated memory assembly 207. In some embodiments, the integrated memory assembly 207 includes a stack of multiple control die 211 and multiple memory die 201. FIG. 3A depicts a side view of an embodiment of an integrated memory assembly 207 stacked on a substrate 271 (e.g., a stack comprising control dies 211 and memory dies 201). The integrated memory assembly 207 has three control dies 211 and three memory dies 201. In some embodiments, there are more than three memory dies 201 and more than three control die 211.

Each control die 211 is affixed (e.g., bonded) to at least one of the memory dies 201. Some of the bond pads 282/284 are depicted. There may be many more bond pads. A space between two dies 201, 211 that are bonded together is filled with a solid layer 280, which may be formed from epoxy or other resin or polymer. This solid layer 280 protects the electrical connections between the dies 201, 211, and further secures the dies together. Various materials may be used as solid layer 280, but in embodiments, it may be Hysol epoxy resin from Henkel Corp., having offices in California, USA.

The integrated memory assembly 207 may for example be stacked with a stepped offset, leaving the bond pads at each level uncovered and accessible from above. Wire bonds 270 connected to the bond pads connect the control die 211 to the substrate 271. A number of such wire bonds may be formed across the width of each control die 211 (i.e., into the page of FIG. 3A).

A memory die through silicon via (TSV) 276 may be used to route signals through a memory die 201. A control die through silicon via (TSV) 278 may be used to route signals through a control die 211. The TSVs 276, 278 may be formed before, during or after formation of the integrated circuits in the semiconductor dies 201, 211. The TSVs may be formed by etching holes through the wafers. The holes may then be lined with a barrier against metal diffusion. The barrier layer may in turn be lined with a seed layer, and the seed layer may be plated with an electrical conductor such as copper, although other suitable materials such as aluminum, tin, nickel, gold, doped polysilicon, and alloys or combinations thereof may be used.

Solder balls 272 may optionally be affixed to contact pads 274 on a lower surface of substrate 271. The solder balls 272 may be used to couple the integrated memory assembly 207 electrically and mechanically to a host device such as a printed circuit board. Solder balls 272 may be omitted where the integrated memory assembly 207 is to be used as an LGA package. The solder balls 272 may form a part of the interface between integrated memory assembly 207 and memory controller 120.

FIG. 3B depicts a side view of another embodiment of an integrated memory assembly 207 stacked on a substrate 271. The integrated memory assembly 207 of FIG. 3B has three control die 211 and three memory die 201. In some embodiments, there are many more than three memory dies 201 and many more than three control dies 211. In this example, each control die 211 is bonded to at least one memory die 201. Optionally, a control die 211 may be bonded to two or more memory die 201.

Some of the bond pads 282, 284 are depicted. There may be many more bond pads. A space between two dies 201, 211 that are bonded together is filled with a solid layer 280, which may be formed from epoxy or other resin or polymer. In contrast to the example in FIG. 3A, the integrated memory assembly 207 in FIG. 3B does not have a stepped offset. A memory die through silicon via (TSV) 276 may be used to route signals through a memory die 201. A control die through silicon via (TSV) 278 may be used to route signals through a control die 211.

Solder balls 272 may optionally be affixed to contact pads 274 on a lower surface of substrate 271. The solder balls 272 may be used to couple the integrated memory assembly 207 electrically and mechanically to a host device such as a printed circuit board. Solder balls 272 may be omitted where the integrated memory assembly 207 is to be used as an LGA package.

As has been briefly discussed above, the control die 211 and the memory die 201 may be bonded together. Bond pads on each die 201, 211 may be used to bond the two dies together. In some embodiments, the bond pads are bonded directly to each other, without solder or other added material, in a so-called Cu-to-Cu bonding process. In a Cu-to-Cu bonding process, the bond pads are controlled to be highly planar and formed in a highly controlled environment largely devoid of ambient particulates that might otherwise settle on a bond pad and prevent a close bond. Under such properly controlled conditions, the bond pads are aligned and pressed against each other to form a mutual bond based on surface tension. Such bonds may be formed at room temperature, though heat may also be applied. In embodiments using Cu-to-Cu bonding, the bond pads may be about 5 μm square and spaced from each other with a pitch of 5 μm to 5 μm. While this process is referred to herein as Cu-to-Cu bonding, this term may also apply even where the bond pads are formed of materials other than Cu.

When the area of bond pads is small, it may be difficult to bond the semiconductor dies together. The size of, and pitch between, bond pads may be further reduced by providing a film layer on the surfaces of the semiconductor dies including the bond pads. The film layer is provided around the bond pads. When the dies are brought together, the bond pads may bond to each other, and the film layers on the respective dies may bond to each other. Such a bonding technique may be referred to as hybrid bonding. In embodiments using hybrid bonding, the bond pads may be about 5 μm square and spaced from each other with a pitch of 1 μm to 5 μm. Bonding techniques may be used providing bond pads with even smaller sizes and pitches.

Some embodiments may include a film on surface of the dies 201, 211. Where no such film is initially provided, a space between the dies may be under filled with an epoxy or other resin or polymer. The under-fill material may be applied as a liquid which then hardens into a solid layer. This under-fill step protects the electrical connections between the dies 201, 211, and further secures the dies together. Various materials may be used as under-fill material, but in embodiments, it may be Hysol epoxy resin from Henkel Corp., having offices in California, USA.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a portion of one example embodiment of a monolithic three dimensional memory array/structure that can comprise memory structure 202, which includes a plurality non-volatile memory cells arranged as vertical NAND strings. For example, FIG. 4 shows a portion 400 of one block of memory. The structure depicted includes a set of bit lines BL positioned above a stack 401 of alternating dielectric layers and conductive layers. For example, one of the dielectric layers is marked as D and one of the conductive layers (also called word line layers) is marked as W. The number of alternating dielectric layers and conductive layers can vary based on specific implementation requirements. As will be explained below, in one embodiment the alternating dielectric layers and conductive layers are divided into six (or a different number of) regions (e.g., sub-blocks) by isolation regions IR. FIG. 4 shows one isolation region IR separating two sub-blocks. Below the alternating dielectric layers and word line layers is a source line layer SL. Memory holes are formed in the stack of alternating dielectric layers and conductive layers. For example, one of the memory holes is marked as MH. Note that in FIG. 4 , the dielectric layers are depicted as see-through so that the reader can see the memory holes positioned in the stack of alternating dielectric layers and conductive layers. In one embodiment, NAND strings are formed by filling the memory hole with materials including a charge-trapping material to create a vertical column of memory cells. Each memory cell can store one or more bits of data. More details of the three dimensional monolithic memory array that comprises memory structure 202 is provided below.

FIG. 4A is a block diagram explaining one example organization of memory structure 202, which is divided into two planes 402 and 404. Each plane is then divided into M blocks. In one example, each plane has about 2000 blocks. However, different numbers of blocks and planes can also be used. In on embodiment, a block of memory cells is a unit of erase. That is, all memory cells of a block are erased together. In other embodiments, blocks can be divided into sub-blocks and the sub-blocks can be the unit of erase. Memory cells can also be grouped into blocks for other reasons, such as to organize the memory structure to enable the signaling and selection circuits. In some embodiments, a block represents a groups of connected memory cells as the memory cells of a block share a common set of word lines. For example, the word lines for a block are all connected to all the vertical NAND strings for that block. Although FIG. 4A shows two planes 402/404, more or less than two planes can be implemented. In some embodiments, memory structure 202 includes eight planes.

FIGS. 4B-4J depict an example three dimensional (“3D”) NAND structure that corresponds to the structure of FIG. 4 and can be used to implement memory structure 202 of FIGS. 2A and 2B. FIG. 4B is a block diagram depicting a top view of a portion 406 of Block 2 of plane 402. As can be seen from FIG. 4B, the block depicted in FIG. 4B extends in the direction of 432. In one embodiment, the memory array has many layers; however, FIG. 4B only shows the top layer.

FIG. 4B depicts a plurality of circles that represent the vertical columns, which correspond to the memory holes. Each of the vertical columns include multiple select transistors (also referred to as a select gate or selection gate) and multiple memory cells. In one embodiment, each vertical column implements a NAND string. For example, FIG. 4B labels a subset of the vertical columns/NAND strings 426, 432, 436, 446. 456, 462, 466, 472, 474 and 476.

FIG. 4B also depicts a set of bit lines 415, including bit lines 411, 412, 413, 414, . . . 419. FIG. 4B shows twenty four bit lines because only a portion of the block is depicted. It is contemplated that more than twenty four bit lines connected to vertical columns of the block. Each of the circles representing vertical columns has an “x” to indicate its connection to one bit line. For example, bit line 411 is connected to vertical columns 426, 436, 446, 456, 466 and 476.

The block depicted in FIG. 4B includes a set of isolation regions 480, 482, 484, 486 and 488, which are formed of SiO₂; however, other dielectric materials can also be used. Isolation regions 480, 482, 484, 486 and 488 serve to divide the top layers of the block into six regions; for example, the top layer depicted in FIG. 4B is divided into regions 420, 430, 440, 450, 460 and 470 all of which are referred to as sub-blocks. In one embodiment, the isolation regions only divide the layers used to implement select gates so that NAND strings in different sub-blocks can be independently selected. In one example implementation, a bit line only connects to one vertical column/NAND string in each of regions (sub-blocks) 420, 430, 440, 450, 460 and 470. In that implementation, each block has twenty four rows of active columns and each bit line connects to six rows in each block. In one embodiment, all of the six vertical columns/NAND strings connected to a common bit line are connected to the same word line (or set of word lines); therefore, the system uses the drain side selection lines to choose one (or another subset) of the six to be subjected to a memory operation (program, verify, read, and/or erase).

Although FIG. 4B shows each region 420, 430, 440, 450, 460 and 470 having four rows of vertical columns, six regions and twenty four rows of vertical columns in a block, those exact numbers are an example implementation. Other embodiments may include more or less regions per block, more or less rows of vertical columns per region and more or less rows of vertical columns per block. FIG. 4B also shows the vertical columns being staggered. In other embodiments, different patterns of staggering can be used. In some embodiments, the vertical columns are not staggered.

FIG. 4C depicts a portion of one embodiment of a three dimensional memory structure 202 showing a cross-sectional view along line AA of FIG. 4B. This cross sectional view cuts through vertical columns (NAND strings) 472 and 474 of region 470 (see FIG. 4B). The structure of FIG. 4C includes three drain side select layers SGD0, SGD1 and SGD2; three source side select layers SGS0, SGS1, and SGS2; three dummy word line layers DD0, DD1, and DDS; two hundred and forty word line layers WL0-WL239 for connecting to data memory cells, and two hundred and fifty dielectric layers DL0-DL249. Other embodiments can implement more or less than the numbers described above for FIG. 4C. In one embodiment, SGD0, SGD1 and SGD2 are connected together; and SGDS0, SGS1 and SGS2 are connected together.

Vertical columns 472 and 474 are depicted protruding through the drain side select layers, source side select layers, dummy word line layers and word line layers. In one embodiment, each vertical column comprises a vertical NAND string. Below the vertical columns and the layers listed below is substrate 453, an insulating film 454 on the substrate, and source line SL. The NAND string of vertical column 442 has a source end at a bottom of the stack and a drain end at a top of the stack. As in agreement with FIG. 4B, FIG. 4C show vertical column 442 connected to bit line 414 via connector 417.

For ease of reference, drain side select layers; source side select layers, dummy word line layers and data word line layers collectively are referred to as the conductive layers. In one embodiment, the conductive layers are made from a combination of TiN and Tungsten. In other embodiments, other materials can be used to form the conductive layers, such as doped polysilicon, metal such as Tungsten or metal silicide. In some embodiments, different conductive layers can be formed from different materials. Between conductive layers are dielectric layers DL0-DL249. For example, dielectric layers DL240 is above word line layer WL235 and below word line layer WL236. In one embodiment, the dielectric layers are made from SiO₂. In other embodiments, other dielectric materials can be used to form the dielectric layers.

The non-volatile memory cells are formed along vertical columns which extend through alternating conductive and dielectric layers in the stack. In one embodiment, the memory cells are arranged in NAND strings. The word line layers WL0-W239 connect to memory cells (also called data memory cells). Dummy word line layers DD0, DD1 and DS connect to dummy memory cells. A dummy memory cell does not store and is not eligible to store host data (data provided from the host or entity outside of the storage system 100), such as data from a user of the host), while a data memory cell is eligible to store host data. Host data can be contrasted with system data that is generated by memory system 100 (e.g., L2P tables). In some embodiments, data memory cells and dummy memory cells may have a same structure. Drain side select layers SGD0, SGD1, and SGD2 are used to electrically connect and disconnect NAND strings from bit lines. Source side select layers SGS0, SGS1, and SGS2 are used to electrically connect and disconnect NAND strings from the source line SL.

Note that the stack of word lines WL0-WL239 include two edge word lines at the edges of the stack, including top edge word line WL239 and bottom edge word line WL0. Word lines WL1-WL238 are non-edge word lines.

FIG. 4D depicts a portion of one embodiment of a three dimensional memory structure 202 showing a cross-sectional view along line BB of FIG. 4B. This cross sectional view cuts through vertical columns (NAND strings) 432 and 434 of region 430 (see FIG. 4B). FIG. 4D shows the same alternating conductive and dielectric layers as FIG. 4C. FIG. 4D also shows isolation region 482. Isolation regions 480, 482, 484, 486 and 488) occupy space that would have been used for a portion of the memory holes/vertical columns/NAND stings. For example, isolation region 482 occupies space that would have been used for a portion of vertical column 434. More specifically, a portion (e.g., half the diameter) of vertical column 434 has been removed in layers SDG0, SGD1, SGD2, and DD0 to accommodate isolation region 482. Thus, while most of the vertical column 434 is cylindrical (with a circular cross section), the portion of vertical column 434 in layers SDG0, SGD1, SGD2, and DD0 has a semi-circular cross section. In one embodiment, after the stack of alternating conductive and dielectric layers is formed, the stack is etched to create space for the isolation region and that space is then filled in with SiO₂.

FIG. 4E depicts a portion of one embodiment of a three dimensional memory structure 202 showing a cross-sectional view along line CC of FIG. 4B. This cross sectional view cuts through vertical columns (NAND strings) 452 and 4624 (see FIG. 4B). FIG. 4E shows the same alternating conductive and dielectric layers as FIG. 4C. FIG. 4E also shows isolation region 486 cutting into vertical columns (NAND string) 452.

FIG. 4F depicts a cross sectional view of region 429 of FIG. 4C that includes a portion of vertical column 472. In one embodiment, the vertical columns are round; however, in other embodiments other shapes can be used. In one embodiment, vertical column 472 includes an inner core layer 490 that is made of a dielectric, such as SiO₂. Other materials can also be used. Surrounding inner core 490 is polysilicon channel 491. Materials other than polysilicon can also be used. Note that it is the channel 491 that connects to the bit line and the source line. Surrounding channel 491 is a tunneling dielectric 492. In one embodiment, tunneling dielectric 492 has an ONO structure. Surrounding tunneling dielectric 492 is charge trapping layer 493, such as (for example) Silicon Nitride. Other memory materials and structures can also be used. The technology described herein is not limited to any particular material or structure.

FIG. 4F depicts dielectric layers DLL239, DLL240, DLL241, DLL242 and DLL243, as well as word line layers WLL234, WLL235, WLL236, WLL237, and WLL238. Each of the word line layers includes a word line region 496 surrounded by an aluminum oxide layer 497, which is surrounded by a blocking oxide layer 498. In other embodiments, the blocking oxide layer can be a vertical layer parallel and adjacent to charge trapping layer 493. The physical interaction of the word line layers with the vertical column forms the memory cells. Thus, a memory cell, in one embodiment, comprises channel 491, tunneling dielectric 492, charge trapping layer 493, blocking oxide layer 498, aluminum oxide layer 497 and word line region 496. For example, word line layer WLL238 and a portion of vertical column 472 comprise a memory cell MC1. Word line layer WL237 and a portion of vertical column 472 comprise a memory cell MC2. Word line layer WLL236 and a portion of vertical column 472 comprise a memory cell MC3. Word line layer WLL235 and a portion of vertical column 472 comprise a memory cell MC4. Word line layer WLL234 and a portion of vertical column 472 comprise a memory cell MC5. In other architectures, a memory cell may have a different structure; however, the memory cell would still be the storage unit.

When a memory cell is programmed, electrons are stored in a portion of the charge trapping layer 493 which is associated with (e.g. in) the memory cell. These electrons are drawn into the charge trapping layer 493 from the channel 491, through the tunneling dielectric 492, in response to an appropriate voltage on word line region 496. The threshold voltage (Vth) of a memory cell is increased in proportion to the amount of stored charge. In one embodiment, the programming is achieved through Fowler-Nordheim tunneling of the electrons into the charge trapping layer. During an erase operation, the electrons return to the channel or holes are injected into the charge trapping layer to recombine with electrons. In one embodiment, erasing is achieved using hole injection into the charge trapping layer via a physical mechanism such as GIDL.

FIG. 4G shows a cross section of vertical column 472 of FIG. 4F, cut through MC5. Thus, FIG. 4G depicts word line layer WL234, inner core 490, channel 491, tunneling dielectric 492, charge trapping layer 493, aluminum oxide layer 497, and blocking oxide layer 498.

FIG. 4H shows a cross section of vertical column 472 of FIG. 4F, cut through SGD1 (a select gate layer implementing a select gate). Thus, FIG. 4H depicts drain side select line layer SGD1, inner core 490, channel 491, tunneling dielectric 492, charge trapping layer 493, aluminum oxide layer 497, and blocking oxide layer 498.

FIG. 4I shows a cross section of vertical column 434 of FIG. 4D, cut through SGD1. Thus, FIG. 4I depicts drain side select line layer SGD1, inner core 490, channel 491, tunneling dielectric 492, charge trapping layer 493, aluminum oxide layer 497, and blocking oxide layer 498. FIG. 4I also shows a portion of isolation region 482. As can be seen in FIG. 4I, the select gate (select gate layer and select line layer) of vertical column 434 is semicircular in shape (or partially circular in shape) due to vertical column (NAND string) 434 intersecting isolation region 482.

FIG. 4J is a schematic diagram of a portion of the memory array 202 depicted in in FIGS. 4-4I. FIG. 4J shows physical data word lines WL0-WL239 running across the entire block. The structure of FIG. 4J corresponds to a portion 306 in Block 2 of Figure A, including bit line 411. Within the block, in one embodiment, each bit line is connected to six NAND strings. Thus, FIG. 4J shows bit line connected to NAND string NS0 (which corresponds to vertical column 426), NAND string NS1 (which corresponds to vertical column 436), NAND string NS2 (which corresponds to vertical column 446), NAND string NS3 (which corresponds to vertical column 456), NAND string NS4 (which corresponds to vertical column 466), and NAND string NS5 (which corresponds to vertical column 476). As mentioned above, in one embodiment, SGD0, SGD1 and SGD2 are connected together to operate as a single logical select gate for each sub-block separated by isolation regions (480, 482, 484, 486 and 486) to form SGD-s0, SGD-s1, SGD-s2, SGD-s3, SGD-s4, and SGD-s5. SGS0, SG1 and SGS2 are also connected together to operate as a single logical select gate that is represented in FIG. 4E as SGS. Although the select gates SGD-s0, SGD-s1, SGD-s2, SGD-s3, SGD-s4, and SGD-s5 are isolated from each other due to the isolation regions, the data word lines WL0-WL239 of each sub-block are connected together.

The isolation regions (480, 482, 484, 486 and 486) are used to allow for separate control of sub-blocks. A first sub-block corresponds to those vertical NAND strings controlled by SGD-s0. A second sub-block corresponds to those vertical NAND strings controlled by SGD-s1. A third sub-block corresponds to those vertical NAND strings controlled by SGD-s2. A fourth sub-block corresponds to those vertical NAND strings controlled by SGD-s3. A fifth sub-block corresponds to those vertical NAND strings controlled by SGD-s4. A sixth sub-block corresponds to those vertical NAND strings controlled by SGD-s5.

FIG. 4J only shows the NAND strings connected to bit line 411. However, a full schematic of the block would show every bit line and six vertical NAND strings connected to each bit line.

In one embodiment, a page of data is the unit of programming. That is, a page of data is the number of bits programmed concurrently. For example, if D memory cells are needed to store a page of data, then the system will have at least D sense amplifiers. In one embodiment, a page of data represents all of the data stored by memory cells cone ted to the same word line and that are in the same sub-block.

Although the example memories of FIGS. 4-4J are three dimensional memory structure that includes vertical NAND strings with charge-trapping material, other (2D and 3D) memory structures can also be used with the technology described herein.

The memory systems discussed above can be erased, programmed and read. At the end of a successful programming process, the threshold voltages of the memory cells should be within one or more distributions of threshold voltages for programmed memory cells or within a distribution of threshold voltages for erased memory cells, as appropriate. FIG. 5A is a graph of threshold voltage versus number of memory cells, and illustrates example threshold voltage distributions for the memory array when each memory cell stores one bit of data per memory cell. Memory cells that store one bit of data per memory cell data are referred to as single level cells (“SLC”). The data stored in SLC memory cells is referred to as SLC data; therefore, SLC data comprises one bit per memory cell. Data stored as one bit per memory cell is SLC data. FIG. 5A shows two threshold voltage distributions: E and P. Threshold voltage distribution E corresponds to an erased data state. Threshold voltage distribution P corresponds to a programmed data state. Memory cells that have threshold voltages in threshold voltage distribution E are, therefore, in the erased data state (e.g., they are erased). Memory cells that have threshold voltages in threshold voltage distribution P are, therefore, in the programmed data state (e.g., they are programmed). In one embodiment, erased memory cells store data “1” and programmed memory cells store data “0.” FIG. 5A depicts read compare voltage Vr. By testing (e.g., performing one or more sense operations) whether the threshold voltage of a given memory cell is above or below Vr, the system can determine a memory cells is erased (state E) or programmed (state P). FIG. 5A also depicts verify reference voltage Vv. In some embodiments, when programming memory cells to data state P, the system will test whether those memory cells have a threshold voltage greater than or equal to Vv.

FIGS. 5B-F illustrate example threshold voltage distributions for the memory array when each memory cell stores multiple bit per memory cell data. Memory cells that store multiple bit per memory cell data are referred to as multi-level cells (“MLC”). The data stored in MLC memory cells is referred to as MLC data; therefore, MLC data comprises multiple bits per memory cell. Data stored as multiple bits of data per memory cell is MLC data. In the example embodiment of FIG. 5B, each memory cell stores two bits of data. Other embodiments may use other data capacities per memory cell (e.g., such as three, four, five or six bits of data per memory cell).

FIG. 5B shows a first threshold voltage distribution E for erased memory cells. Three threshold voltage distributions A, B and C for programmed memory cells are also depicted. In one embodiment, the threshold voltages in the distribution E are negative and the threshold voltages in distributions A, B and C are positive. Each distinct threshold voltage distribution of FIG. 5B corresponds to predetermined values for the set of data bits. In one embodiment, each bit of data of the two bits of data stored in a memory cell are in different logical pages, referred to as a lower page (LP) and an upper page (UP). In other embodiments, all bits of data stored in a memory cell are in a common logical page. The specific relationship between the data programmed into the memory cell and the threshold voltage levels of the cell depends upon the data encoding scheme adopted for the cells. Table 1 provides an example encoding scheme.

TABLE 1 E A B C LP 1 0 0 1 UP 1 1 0 0

In one embodiment, known as full sequence programming, memory cells can be programmed from the erased data state E directly to any of the programmed data states A, B or C using the process of FIG. 6 (discussed below). For example, a population of memory cells to be programmed may first be erased so that all memory cells in the population are in erased data state E. Then, a programming process is used to program memory cells directly into data states A, B, and/or C. For example, while some memory cells are being programmed from data state E to data state A, other memory cells are being programmed from data state E to data state B and/or from data state E to data state C. The arrows of FIG. 5B represent the full sequence programming. In some embodiments, data states A-C can overlap, with memory controller 120 (or control die 211) relying on error correction to identify the correct data being stored.

FIG. 5C depicts example threshold voltage distributions for memory cells where each memory cell stores three bits of data per memory cells (which is another example of MLC data). FIG. 5C shows eight threshold voltage distributions, corresponding to eight data states. The first threshold voltage distribution (data state) Er represents memory cells that are erased. The other seven threshold voltage distributions (data states) A-G represent memory cells that are programmed and, therefore, are also called programmed states. Each threshold voltage distribution (data state) corresponds to predetermined values for the set of data bits. The specific relationship between the data programmed into the memory cell and the threshold voltage levels of the cell depends upon the data encoding scheme adopted for the cells. In one embodiment, data values are assigned to the threshold voltage ranges using a Gray code assignment so that if the threshold voltage of a memory erroneously shifts to its neighboring physical state, only one bit will be affected. Table 2 provides an example of an encoding scheme for embodiments in which each bit of data of the three bits of data stored in a memory cell are in different logical pages, referred to as a lower page (LP), middle page (MP) and an upper page (UP).

TABLE 2 Er A B C D E F G UP 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 MP 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 LP 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

FIG. 5C shows seven read compare voltages, VrA, VrB, VrC, VrD, VrE, VrF, and VrG for reading data from memory cells. By testing (e.g., performing sense operations) whether the threshold voltage of a given memory cell is above or below the seven read compare voltages, the system can determine what data state (i.e., A, B, C, D, . . . ) a memory cell is in.

FIG. 5C also shows seven verify compare voltages, VvA, VvB, VvC, VvD, VvE, VvF, and VvG. In some embodiments, when programming memory cells to data state A, the system will test whether those memory cells have a threshold voltage greater than or equal to VvA. When programming memory cells to data state B, the system will test whether the memory cells have threshold voltages greater than or equal to VvB. When programming memory cells to data state C, the system will determine whether memory cells have their threshold voltage greater than or equal to VvC. When programming memory cells to data state D, the system will test whether those memory cells have a threshold voltage greater than or equal to VvD. When programming memory cells to data state E, the system will test whether those memory cells have a threshold voltage greater than or equal to VvE. When programming memory cells to data state F, the system will test whether those memory cells have a threshold voltage greater than or equal to VvF. When programming memory cells to data state G, the system will test whether those memory cells have a threshold voltage greater than or equal to VvG. FIG. 5C also shows Vev, which is a voltage level to test whether a memory cell has been properly erased.

In an embodiment that utilizes full sequence programming, memory cells can be programmed from the erased data state Er directly to any of the programmed data states A-G using the process of FIG. 6 (discussed below). For example, a population of memory cells to be programmed may first be erased so that all memory cells in the population are in erased data state Er. Then, a programming process is used to program memory cells directly into data states A, B, C, D, E, F, and/or G. For example, while some memory cells are being programmed from data state ER to data state A, other memory cells are being programmed from data state ER to data state B and/or from data state ER to data state C, and so on. The arrows of FIG. 5C represent the full sequence programming. In some embodiments, data states A-G can overlap, with control die 211 and/or memory controller 120 relying on error correction to identify the correct data being stored. Note that in some embodiments, rather than using full sequence programming, the system can use multi-pass programming processes known in the art.

In general, during verify operations and read operations, the selected word line is connected to a voltage (one example of a reference signal), a level of which is specified for each read operation (e.g., see read compare voltages VrA, VrB, VrC, VrD, VrE, VrF, and VrG, of FIG. 5C) or verify operation (e.g. see verify target voltages VvA, VvB, VvC, VvD, VvE, VvF, and VvG of FIG. 5C) in order to determine whether a threshold voltage of the concerned memory cell has reached such level. After applying the word line voltage, the conduction current of the memory cell is measured to determine whether the memory cell turned on (conducted current) in response to the voltage applied to the word line. If the conduction current is measured to be greater than a certain value, then it is assumed that the memory cell turned on and the voltage applied to the word line is greater than the threshold voltage of the memory cell. If the conduction current is not measured to be greater than the certain value, then it is assumed that the memory cell did not turn on and the voltage applied to the word line is not greater than the threshold voltage of the memory cell. During a read or verify process, the unselected memory cells are provided with one or more read pass voltages (also referred to as bypass voltages) at their control gates so that these memory cells will operate as pass gates (e.g., conducting current regardless of whether they are programmed or erased).

There are many ways to measure the conduction current of a memory cell during a read or verify operation. In one example, the conduction current of a memory cell is measured by the rate it discharges or charges a dedicated capacitor in the sense amplifier. In another example, the conduction current of the selected memory cell allows (or fails to allow) the NAND string that includes the memory cell to discharge a corresponding bit line. The voltage on the bit line is measured after a period of time to see whether it has been discharged or not. Note that the technology described herein can be used with different methods known in the art for verifying/reading. Other read and verify techniques known in the art can also be used.

FIG. 5D depicts threshold voltage distributions when each memory cell stores four bits of data, which is another example of MLC data. FIG. 5D depicts that there may be some overlap between the threshold voltage distributions (data states) S0-S15. The overlap may occur due to factors such as memory cells losing charge (and hence dropping in threshold voltage). Program disturb can unintentionally increase the threshold voltage of a memory cell. Likewise, read disturb can unintentionally increase the threshold voltage of a memory cell. Over time, the locations of the threshold voltage distributions may change. Such changes can increase the bit error rate, thereby increasing decoding time or even making decoding impossible. Changing the read compare voltages can help to mitigate such effects. Using ECC during the read process can fix errors and ambiguities. Note that in some embodiments, the threshold voltage distributions for a population of memory cells storing four bits of data per memory cell do not overlap and are separated from each other; for example, as depicted in FIG. 5E. The threshold voltage distributions of FIG. 5D will include read compare voltages and verify compare voltages, as discussed above.

When using four bits per memory cell, the memory can be programmed using the full sequence programming discussed above, or multi-pass programming processes known in the art. Each threshold voltage distribution (data state) of FIG. 5D corresponds to predetermined values for the set of data bits. The specific relationship between the data programmed into the memory cell and the threshold voltage levels of the cell depends upon the data encoding scheme adopted for the cells. Table 3 provides an example of an encoding scheme for embodiments in which each bit of data of the four bits of data stored in a memory cell are in different logical pages, referred to as a lower page (LP), middle page (MP), an upper page (UP) and top page (TP).

TABLE 3 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 TP 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 UP 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 MP 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 LP 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

FIG. 5F depicts threshold voltage distributions when each memory cell stores five bits of data, which is another example of MLC data. In one example implementation, when memory cells store five bits of data, the data is stored in any of thirty two data state (e.g., S0-S31).

FIG. 6 is a flowchart describing one embodiment of a process for programming memory cells. For purposes of this document, the term program and programming are synonymous with write and writing. In one example embodiment, the process of FIG. 6 is performed for memory array 202 using the one or more control circuits (e.g., system control logic 260, column control circuitry 210, row control circuitry 220) discussed above. In one example embodiment, the process of FIG. 6 is performed by integrated memory assembly 207 using the one or more control circuits (e.g., system control logic 260, column control circuitry 210, row control circuitry 220) of control die 211 to program memory cells on memory die 201. The process includes multiple loops, each of which includes a program phase and a verify phase. The process of FIG. 6 is performed to implement the full sequence programming, as well as other programming schemes including multi-pass programming. When implementing multi-pass programming, the process of FIG. 6 is used to implement any/each pass of the multi-pass programming process.

Typically, the program voltage applied to the control gates (via a selected data word line) during a program operation is applied as a series of program pulses (e.g., voltage pulses). Between programming pulses are a set of verify pulses (e.g., voltage pulses) to perform verification. In many implementations, the magnitude of the program pulses is increased with each successive pulse by a predetermined step size. In step 602 of FIG. 6 , the programming voltage signal (Vpgm) is initialized to the starting magnitude (e.g., ˜12-16V or another suitable level) and a program counter PC maintained by state machine 262 is initialized at 1. In one embodiment, the group of memory cells selected to be programmed (referred to herein as the selected memory cells) are programmed concurrently and are all connected to the same word line (the selected word line). There will likely be other memory cells that are not selected for programming (unselected memory cells) that are also connected to the selected word line. That is, the selected word line will also be connected to memory cells that are supposed to be inhibited from programming. Additionally, as memory cells reach their intended target data state, they will be inhibited from further programming. Those NAND strings (e.g., unselected NAND strings) that include memory cells connected to the selected word line that are to be inhibited from programming have their channels boosted to inhibit programming. When a channel has a boosted voltage, the voltage differential between the channel and the word line is not large enough to cause programming. To assist in the boosting, in step 604 the control die will pre-charge channels of NAND strings that include memory cells connected to the selected word line that are to be inhibited from programming. In step 606, NAND strings that include memory cells connected to the selected word line that are to be inhibited from programming have their channels boosted to inhibit programming. Such NAND strings are referred to herein as “unselected NAND strings.” In one embodiment, the unselected word lines receive one or more boosting voltages (e.g., ˜7-11 volts), also referred to as pass voltages, to perform boosting schemes. A program inhibit voltage is applied to the bit lines coupled the unselected NAND string. In one embodiment, for example, the channel is pre-charged to ˜2 volts in step 604 and then floated. In step 606, the channel is boosted up from the 2 volts to a boosting voltage of approximately 8-10 volts.

In step 608, a program voltage pulse of the programming voltage signal Vpgm is applied to the selected word line (the word line selected for programming). If a memory cell on a NAND string should be programmed, then the corresponding bit line is biased at a program enable voltage. In step 608, the program pulse is concurrently applied to all memory cells connected to the selected word line so that all of the memory cells connected to the selected word line are programmed concurrently (unless they are inhibited from programming). That is, they are programmed at the same time or during overlapping times (both of which are considered concurrent). In this manner all of the memory cells connected to the selected word line will concurrently have their threshold voltage change, unless they are inhibited from programming.

In step 610, program verify is performed and memory cells that have reached their target states are locked out from further programming by the control die. Step 610 includes performing verification of programming by sensing at one or more verify compare levels. In one embodiment, the verification process is performed by testing whether the threshold voltages of the memory cells selected for programming have reached the appropriate verify compare voltage. In step 610, a memory cell may be locked out after the memory cell has been verified (by a test of the Vt) that the memory cell has reached its target state.

If, in step 612, it is determined that all of the memory cells have reached their target threshold voltages (pass), the programming process is complete and successful because all selected memory cells were programmed and verified to their target states. A status of “PASS” is reported in step 614. Otherwise, if in step 612, it is determined that not all of the memory cells have reached their target threshold voltages (fail), then the programming process continues to step 616.

In step 616, the number of memory cells that have not yet reached their respective target threshold voltage distribution are counted. That is, the number of memory cells that have, so far, failed to reach their target state are counted. This counting can be done by state machine 262, memory controller 120, or another circuit. In one embodiment, there is one total count, which reflects the total number of memory cells currently being programmed that have failed the last verify step. In another embodiment, separate counts are kept for each data state.

In step 618, it is determined whether the count from step 616 is less than or equal to a predetermined limit. In one embodiment, the predetermined limit is the number of bits that can be corrected by error correction codes (ECC) during a read process for the page of memory cells. If the number of failed cells is less than or equal to the predetermined limit, than the programming process can stop and a status of “PASS” is reported in step 614. In this situation, enough memory cells programmed correctly such that the few remaining memory cells that have not been completely programmed can be corrected using ECC during the read process. In some embodiments, the predetermined limit used in step 618 is below the number of bits that can be corrected by error correction codes (ECC) during a read process to allow for future/additional errors. When programming less than all of the memory cells for a page, or comparing a count for only one data state (or less than all states), than the predetermined limit can be a portion (pro-rata or not pro-rata) of the number of bits that can be corrected by ECC during a read process for the page of memory cells. In some embodiments, the limit is not predetermined. Instead, it changes based on the number of errors already counted for the page, the number of program-erase cycles performed or other criteria.

If the number of failed memory cells is not less than the predetermined limit, than the programming process continues at step 620 and the program counter PC is checked against the program limit value (PL). Examples of program limit values include 6, 12, 16, 19, 20 and 30; however, other values can be used. If the program counter PC is not less than the program limit value PL, then the program process is considered to have failed and a status of FAIL is reported in step 624. If the program counter PC is less than the program limit value PL, then the process continues at step 626 during which time the Program Counter PC is incremented by 1 and the programming voltage signal Vpgm is stepped up to the next magnitude. For example, the next pulse will have a magnitude greater than the previous pulse by a step size ΔVpgm (e.g., a step size of 0.1-1.0 volts). After step 626, the process loops back to step 604 and another program pulse is applied to the selected word line (by the control die) so that another iteration (steps 604-626) of the programming process of FIG. 6 is performed.

In some embodiments, memory cells are programmed in an order from the source side to the drain side. For example, first the process of FIG. 6 is performed to program memory cells connected to WL0, followed by using the process of FIG. 6 to program memory cells connected to WL1, followed by using the process of FIG. 6 to program memory cells connected to WL2, followed by using the process of FIG. 6 to program memory cells connected to WL3, . . . followed by using the process of FIG. 6 to program memory cells connected to WL239.

In another embodiment, memory cells are programmed in an order from the drain side to the source side. For example, first the process of FIG. 6 is performed to program memory cells connected to WL239, followed by using the process of FIG. 6 to program memory cells connected to WL238, followed by using the process of FIG. 6 to program memory cells connected to WL237, followed by using the process of FIG. 6 to program memory cells connected to WL236, . . . followed by using the process of FIG. 6 to program memory cells connected to WL1, followed by using the process of FIG. 6 to program memory cells connected to WL0.

In one embodiment memory cells are erased prior to programming, and erasing is the process of changing the threshold voltage of one or more memory cells from a programmed data state to an erased data state. For example, changing the threshold voltage of one or more memory cells from state P to state E of FIG. 5A, from states A/B/C to state E of FIG. 5B, from states A-G to state Er of FIG. 5C or from states S1-S15 to state S0 of FIG. 5D.

One technique to erase memory cells in some memory devices is to bias a p-well (or other types of) substrate to a high voltage to charge up a NAND channel. An erase enable voltage (e.g., a low voltage) is applied to control gates of memory cells while the NAND channel is at a high voltage to erase the non-volatile storage elements (memory cells). Herein, this is referred to as p-well erase.

Another approach to erasing memory cells is to generate gate induced drain leakage (GIDL) current to charge up the NAND string channel. An erase enable voltage is applied to control gates of the memory cells, while maintaining the NAND string channel potential to erase the memory cells. Herein, this is referred to as GIDL erase. Both p-well erase and GIDL erase may be used to lower the threshold voltage (Vt) of memory cells.

In one embodiment, the GIDL current is generated by causing a drain-to-gate voltage at a select transistor (e.g., SGD and/or SGS). A transistor drain-to-gate voltage that generates a GIDL current is referred to herein as a GIDL voltage. The GIDL current may result when the select transistor drain voltage is significantly higher than the select transistor control gate voltage. GIDL current is a result of carrier generation, i.e., electron-hole pair generation due to band-to-band tunneling and/or trap-assisted generation. In one embodiment, GIDL current may result in one type of carriers, e.g., holes, predominantly moving into NAND channel, thereby raising potential of the channel. The other type of carriers, e.g., electrons, are extracted from the channel, in the direction of a bit line or in the direction of a source line, by an electric field. During erase, the holes may tunnel from the channel to a charge storage region of memory cells and recombine with electrons there, to lower the threshold voltage of the memory cells.

The GIDL current may be generated at either end of the NAND string. A first GIDL voltage may be created between two terminals of a select transistor (e.g., drain side select transistor) that is connected to or near a bit line to generate a first GIDL current. A second GIDL voltage may be created between two terminals of a select transistor (e.g., source side select transistor) that is connected to or near a source line to generate a second GIDL current. Erasing based on GIDL current at only one end of the NAND string is referred to as a one-sided GIDL erase. Erasing based on GIDL current at both ends of the NAND string is referred to as a two-sided GIDL erase.

As discussed above, for example, FIG. 5C shows seven read compare voltages VrA, VrB, VrC, VrD, VrE, VrF, and VrG for reading data from memory cells. By testing (e.g., performing sense operations) whether the threshold voltage of a given memory cell is above or below the seven read compare voltages, the system can determine what data state (i.e., A, B, C, D, . . . ) a memory cell is in. However, it is possible that over time that the threshold voltages of a population of memory cells shifts, which results in the read compare voltages (e.g., VrA, VrB, VrC, VrD, VrE, VrF, and VrG) no longer accurately demarcating between data states. Therefore, it is proposed that the memory system automatically determine new read compare voltages based on a difference between memory cell current at time of programming and memory cell current at time of reading.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart describing one embodiment of a process for programming and reading that includes automatically and dynamically determining the read compare voltages. In one example embodiment, the process of FIG. 7 is performed by any of the embodiments of a control circuit discussed above. In one example embodiment, the process of FIG. 7 is performed by integrated memory assembly 207 using any of the embodiments of a control circuit discussed above of control die 211 to program memory cells (e.g., NAND strings of memory structure 202) on memory die 201. In one embodiment, the process of FIG. 7 is performed at the direction of state machine 262 (or another processor). In another embodiment, the process of FIG. 7 is performed at the direction of memory controller 120. The control circuit is connected to the memory cells in one or more memory dies (e.g., via control lines such as word lines, bit lines, source line and select lines), as described above with respect to FIGS. 1-4J.

In step 702 of FIG. 7 , the one or more control circuits program data to non-volatile memory cells. For example, host data (data received from the host 102) is programmed to one or more pages of one or more blocks of memory cells of memory array 202. In step 704, the one or more control circuits determine read compare voltages based on a difference between memory cell current at time of programming and memory cell current at time of reading. For purposes of this document, the memory cell current can include current through one memory cell or multiple memory cells. In one embodiment, the one or more control circuits measure current through a set of reference memory cells at the time of programming and again at the time of reading in order to determine a difference between the measured current through the reference memory cells at the time of programming and at the time of reading. This difference is used to determine a set of read compare voltages. More details are explained below with respect to FIGS. 8A and 8B. The representative set of memory cells can be the same memory cells receiving the programming (see step 702) and/or different memory cells (including memory cells in the same or different block, same or different word line, same or different bit line, same of different page, etc.). For purposes of this document, the phrase “at time of programming” means during programming or within a short time period before or after programming. For purposes of this document, the phrase “at time of reading” means during reading or within a short time period before or after reading including the time period starting at the time of receiving the request to read and ending at a time after the reading completes. In step 706 of FIG. 7 , the one or more control circuits read the programmed data from the non-volatile memory cells using the read compare voltages determined in step 706.

FIGS. 8A and 8B together are a flow chart describing one embodiment of a process for programming and reading that includes automatically and dynamically determining the read compare voltages. In one embodiment, the process of FIGS. 8A and 8B is one example implementation of the process of FIG. 7 . In one example embodiment, the process of FIGS. 8A and 8B is performed by any of the embodiments of a control circuit discussed above. In one example embodiment, the process of FIGS. 8A and 8B is performed by integrated memory assembly 207 using any of the embodiments of a control circuit discussed above of control die 211 to program memory cells (e.g., NAND strings of memory structure 202) on memory die 201. In one embodiment, the process of FIGS. 8A and 8B is performed at the direction of state machine 262 (or another processor). In another embodiment, the process of FIGS. 8A and 8B is performed at the direction of memory controller 120.

In step 802 of FIG. 8 , the one or more control circuits receive a first set of data. For example, the first set of data is host data received from host 102. The data can be received at the memory controller 120, control die 211, or memory die 200, depending on the embodiment. The data can be any amount of data. In step 804, the one or more control circuits receive a request to program the first set of data in memory array 202. In one embodiment, the request to program the data will include one or more addresses in memory array 202 as the target of the programming.

In step 806, in response to the request to program, the one or more control circuits add bits to the first set of data to be used for programming a set of reference memory cells. In one embodiment, the one or more control circuits measure current through the set of reference memory cells at the time of programming and again at the time of reading in order to determine a difference between the measured current through the reference memory cells at the time of programming and at the time of reading. In one embodiment, the first set of data is not programmed into the reference memory cells. That is, the reference memory cells are only used to determined current through the reference memory cells at the time of programming and at the time of reading (which includes the time of receiving the request to read). To provide for the difference in currents measured at programming and reading to be large enough to be indicative of a drift of threshold voltage for the population of memory cells, the reference memory cells are programmed to a predefined alternating pattern of a low threshold voltage data state (e.g. Er) and a high threshold voltage data state (e.g. G). For example, the reference memory cells are programmed to a pattern of G/Er/G/Er/G/Er/G . . . ; therefore, every other memory cell of the reference memory cells are programmed to data state G, with the intervening memory cells of the reference memory cells remaining in the erased data state Er. Thus, neighboring memory cells are in the extreme highest and lowest data states. In other embodiments, other data patters can also be used that alternative between data states that are separated by at least a majority of the data states. For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 5C there are 8 data states so data patterns can alternate between data states with at least five data states between them, such as F/Er/F/Er/F/Er/F . . . , and G/A/G/A/G/A/G . . . .

In one embodiment, the reference memory cells are all memory cells connected to a same bit line. For example, the reference memory cells can include all memory cells of a same NAND string, all memory cells of a block connected to a same bit line (which would include all memory cells of multiple NAND strings), all memory cells of a sub-block connected to a same bit line, all memory cells of multiple blocks connected to a same bit line, all memory cells connected to a same bit line for a special block, sub-block or other grouping.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of two blocks of memory cells (Block N and Block N+1), where the memory cells are arranged as NAND strings (e.g., vertical NAND strings, as described above) connected to bit lines BL₀, BL₁, BL₂, . . . BL_(m-1), BL_(m). In the embodiment of FIG. 9 , the reference memory cells are all memory cells connected to a same bit line. That is, the reference memory cells include all memory cells connected to bit line BL_(m). For example, the reference memory cells include all memory cells of NAND string 902 and all memory cells of NAND string 904. FIG. 9 shows the reference memory cell programmed to data states G/Er/G/Er/G/Er/G . . . .

In step 808 of FIG. 8 , in response to the request to program, the one or more control circuits program the first set of data into a first plurality of non-volatile memory cells (e.g., using the process of FIG. 6 ). In one embodiment, the first plurality of non-volatile memory cells include the reference memory cells; however, while the first set of data is programmed into the first plurality of non-volatile memory cells, the first set of data is not programmed into the reference memory cells. For example, if the first plurality of non-volatile memory cells comprise Block N (see FIG. 9 ), then the first set of data is programmed into the NAND strings connected to BL₀, BL₁, BL₂, . . . BL_(m-1), but not programmed into NAND string 902 connected to bit line BL_(m).

Step 808 also includes programming the reference memory cells to a predefined alternating pattern of a low threshold voltage data state (e.g. Er) and a high threshold voltage data state (e.g. G) based on the bits added in step 806. In one embodiment, the one or more control circuits are configured to program the reference memory cells to a predefined pattern of data with adjacent reference memory cells in different data states separated from each other by a majority of the data states. In one embodiment, the first set of non-volatile memory cells comprise a block and the reference memory cells include all memory cells of the block connected to a same bit line, as depicted in FIG. 9 and described above.

In step 810, in response to the request to program, the one or more control circuits determine a current through the reference memory cells at time of programming. As mentioned above, the reference memory cells are programmed to a predefined alternating pattern of a low threshold voltage data state (e.g. Er) and a high threshold voltage data state (e.g. G). The high threshold voltage data state is associated with a high data state verify compare voltage (e.g., VvG—see FIG. 5C). In one embodiment, the one or more control circuits determine the current through the reference memory cells at time of programming by measuring the current (Icell) through the reference memory cells in response to applying the high data state verify compare voltage plus an offset (e.g., Vvg+0.3 v) to all word lines connected to the reference memory cells. For example, in the circuit of FIG. 9 , Vvg+0.3 v (or another offset magnitude) is applied to WL0, WL1, WL2, . . . WL238 and WL239. Other magnitudes of offsets (other than 0.3 v) can also be used.

In general, during a sensing operation (for read or verify), a word line voltage is applied to the control gate, the source is grounded, and a drain bias is applied. In this mode, a memory cell conducts a current (Icell) which is proportional to the memory cell's threshold voltage. When the memory cells are arranged in a NAND string, the current through the memory cells of the NAND string define the current through the NAND string. In one embodiment, the first plurality of non-volatile memory cells comprise a set of NAND strings that include one or more reference NAND strings, the reference memory cells include memory cells of the one or more reference NAND strings, and the current through the reference memory cells at the time of programming comprises current through the one or more reference NAND strings.

The current measured in step 810 is an analog current. In step 812, the one or more control circuits convert the measured analog current to a digital value. In one embodiment, the one or more control circuits include an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) and the current measured in step 810 is measured through the ADC. IN other embodiments, a processor or circuit can be used to convert to digital. In step 814, the one or more control circuits store the measured current through the reference memory cells at time of programming (e.g., the digital value representing the magnitude of the measured current) in the non-volatile memory structure. In one embodiment, the one or more control circuits store the measured current at time of programming in a table in memory array 202, where the table is indexed based on the address of the first set of data stored in the first plurality of non-volatile memory cells. In another embodiment, the one or more control circuits store the measured current at time of programming in a table in DRAM 140, where the table is indexed based on the address of the first set of data stored in the first plurality of non-volatile memory cells. In another embodiment, the one or more control circuits store the measured current at time of programming with metadata for the first set of data stored in the first plurality of non-volatile memory cells. In one embodiment, a current value at time of programming is measured and stored for every page, every word line, every block, or other grouping. In one embodiment, a current value at time of programming is measured and stored for every programming process, regardless of the size of the data being programmed.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram depicting one embodiment of the one or more control circuits 1002 connected to memory array 202 comprising a plurality of non-volatile memory cells. FIG. 10 shows a state of operation after step 814 of FIG. 8A. For example, the first set of data (1040) is stored in a portion of memory array 202 used to store host data (1010), and the digital value (1042) representing the magnitude of the current measured in step 810 is stored in a portion of memory array 202 used to store measured current data (1012).

FIG. 8B depicts the portion of the process performed for reading. In step 852, the one or more control circuits receive a request to read the first set of data. For example, the host may send a command to read the data (e.g., first set of data 1040), which is received by memory controller 120, which then sends read commands to memory die 200 or to control die 211 of integrated assembly 207. The request to read includes one or more addresses.

In step 854, in response to the request to read, the one or more control circuits determine a current through the reference memory cells at time of receiving the request to read the first set of data (which is at time of reading) by measuring the current Icell through the reference memory cells in response to applying the high data state verify compare voltage plus an offset (e.g., Vvg+0.3 v) to all word lines connected to the reference memory cells. For example, Vvg+0.3 v (or another voltage magnitude) is applied to WL0-WL239 and the current through NAND string 902 is measured. Step 854 is similar to step 810. In step 856, the one or more control circuits convert the measured analog current to a digital value. In one embodiment, the current measured in step 854 is measured through an ADC.

In step 858, the one or more control circuits access the stored current through the reference memory cells at time of programming in the non-volatile memory structure based on the address for the read operation. That is the current through the reference memory cells at time of programming (digital current value 1042) is stored in a table or other data structure (measured current data 1012) that is indexed by address so that the address received in step 852 for the read request is used to access that current value (digital current value 1042). In step 860, the one or more control circuits compare the current through the reference memory cells at time of programming (digital current value 1042—from step 810) to the current through the reference memory cells at time of the request to read (from step 854). In step 862, the one or more control circuits determine a difference between the current through the reference memory cells at time of programming and the current through the reference memory cells at time of the request to read (which is at the time of reading). In step 864, the one or more control circuits use the difference (from step 862) to access one or more records in a look-up table indexed to the difference between memory cell current at time of programming and memory cell current at time of the request to read. For example, FIG. 10 depicts look-up table 1014 stored in memory array 202 that includes a set of records, where each record includes a set of offsets (e.g., offsets 1044). The records are indexed by difference values (see step 862). The set of offsets are adjustments to be made to all or a subset of the current read compare voltages. In another embodiment, look-up table 1014 can include new magnitudes of read compare voltages that replace existing read compare voltages, rather than offsets to current values. In another embodiment, different data structures can be used other than look-up tables. In step 866, the one or more control circuits dynamically determine the new/updated read compare voltages based on the difference from step 862 by adjusting previous/existing read compare voltages based on the information in the accessed one or more records in the look-up table (e.g., based on the offsets 1044).

In step 868, the one or more control circuits read the first data from the first plurality of non-volatile memory cells using the determined new/updated read compare voltages to identify which data states the first plurality of non-volatile memory cells are in (each data state is associated with predetermined data values, as discussed above). In step 870, the one or more control circuits report the first data read from the first plurality of non-volatile memory cells.

In some embodiments, the process of FIG. 8A is performed every time a programming process is performed. In other embodiments, the process of FIG. 8A is performed for a subset of programming processes.

In some embodiments, the process of FIG. 8B is performed every time a read process is performed. In other embodiments, the process of FIG. 8B is only performed for a subset of read processes such as, for example, when the read process fails. FIG. 11 is a flow chart describing one embodiment of a process for reading data that includes performing the process of FIG. 8B only when the read process fails. That is, the one or more control circuits are configured to determine the read compare voltages based on a difference between memory cell current at time of programming and memory cell current at time of reading in response to a read operation failing for the programmed data. In one example embodiment, the process of FIG. 11 is performed by any of the embodiments of a control circuit discussed above. In one example embodiment, the process of FIG. 11 is performed by integrated memory assembly 207 using any of the embodiments of a control circuit discussed above of control die 211 to program memory cells (e.g., NAND strings of memory structure 202) on memory die 201. In one embodiment, the process of FIG. 1 is performed at the direction of state machine 262 (or another processor). In another embodiment, the process of FIG. 11 is performed at the direction of memory controller 120.

In step 1102 of FIG. 11 , the one or more control circuits perform a read process to read programmed data (e.g., read the first set of data 1040). This is a standard read process that does not include updating the read compare voltages. If the read process of step 1102 was successful (step 1104), then the data is reported (e.g., to memory controller 120 and/or host 102) in step 1106. If the read process of step 1102 was not successful (step 1104), then in step 1108 the one or more control circuits update the read compare voltages and perform a read process with the updated read compare voltages to read the programmed data (e.g., read the first set of data 1040). In one embodiment, step 1108 includes performing the process of FIG. 8B. If the read process of step 1108 was successful (step 1110), then the data is reported (e.g., to memory controller 120 and/or host 102) in step 1112. If the read process of step 1108 was not successful (step 1110), then an error is reported (e.g., to memory controller 120 and/or host 102) in step 1114.

The updating of read compare voltages is useful for bulk programming/reading (e.g., many pages of data) or programming/reading super pages of data (multiple pages residing on different die). FIG. 12 is a flow chart describing one embodiment of a process for programming and reading data with updating of read compare voltages for bulk programming/reading. In one example embodiment, the process of FIG. 12 is performed by any of the embodiments of a control circuit discussed above. In one example embodiment, the process of FIG. 12 is performed by integrated memory assembly 207 using any of the embodiments of a control circuit discussed above of control die 211 to program memory cells (e.g., NAND strings of memory structure 202) on memory die 201. In one embodiment, the process of FIG. 12 is performed at the direction of state machine 262 (or another processor). In another embodiment, the process of FIG. 12 is performed at the direction of memory controller 120.

In one set of embodiments, bulk programming is defined as programming at least X amount of data. For example, bulk programming can be defined as programming M pages of data, where M=100 pages, 150 pages, 200 pages, etc. Bulk programming can also be defined as programming B blocks of data, where B=1, 2, 3, 4, etc. The minimum amount of data needed to be considered bulk programming is referred to as a complete group of data (also referred to as a bulk group); for example, if bulk programming is defined as programming 100 pages of data then a complete group of data is 100 pages of data and an incomplete group of data (also known as a fragment) is less than 100 pages of data.

In step 1202 of FIG. 12 , data to be programmed is received (e.g., see step 802). In step 1204, the one or more control circuits divide the received data into bulk groups (complete groups) and fragments (incomplete groups). For example, 250 pages of data would be divided into a first complete group of data (pages 0-99), a second complete group of data (pages 100-199) and an incomplete group/fragment of data (pages 200-249). In step 1206, the one or more control circuits program the bulk groups; for example, using the process of FIG. 6 to program the first complete group of data (pages 0-99) and the second complete group of data (pages 100-199) as part of step 808 of FIG. 8A. Step 1206 includes measuring the current at time of programming (steps 810 and 812) and storing the measured current in non-volatile memory 202 or volatile memory/DRAM 140 (step 814). In one embodiment, a current value is measured and stored for each bulk group (complete group). That is, current through one or more NAND strings is measured for each bulk group (complete group). Only storing a current value at time of programming for a bulk group, rather than every page or every word line, saves space in the memory used for storing the current values. In step 1208, the one or more control circuits program the fragments (incomplete groups); for example, using the process of FIG. 6 to program an incomplete group/fragment of data (pages 200-249). Step 1208 does not include measuring the current at time of programming. Since no current was measured at time of programming, no current value needs to be stored.

In step 1210, a read process starts (e.g., see step 852). In step 1212, the one or more control circuits update the read compare voltages and perform a read process with the updated read compare voltages to read the one or more bulk groups of data (complete groups). In one embodiment, step 1210 includes performing the process of FIG. 8B. In step 1214, the one or more control circuits read one or more fragments of data (incomplete groups) without updating the read compare voltages.

As mentioned above, the updating of read compare voltages is useful programming/reading super pages of data. A super page comprises multiple pages residing on different die. For example, FIG. 13 depicts a one or more control circuits 1302 connected to a plurality of memory dies 1304, 1306, . . . 1308 that store a super page. FIG. 14 depicts super page 1450 being stored across the plurality of memory dies 1304, 1306, . . . 1308. In the embodiment of FIG. 14 , memory die 1304 includes two planes 1402 and 1404, memory die 1306 includes two planes 1422 and 1424, and memory die 1308 includes two planes 1442 and 1444. In this embodiment, each of the planes includes multiple pages (only one of which is depicted in FIG. 14 ). For example, plane 1402 on memory die 1304 includes page 1406, plane 1404 on memory die 1304 includes page 1408, plane 1422 on memory die 1306 includes page 1426, plane 1424 on memory die 1306 includes page 1428, plane 1442 on memory die 1308 includes page 1446, and plane 1444 on memory die 1308 includes page 1448. In one embodiment, each of pages 1406, 1408, 1426, 1428, 1446, and 1448 include all of the data stored in memory cells connected to a same word line and in a same sub-block; however, pages can also be other arrangements of data such as all data stored in all memory cells connected to a word line or a different subset of data stored in all or a subset of memory cells connected to one or more word lines. In the embodiment of FIG. 14 , pages 1406, 1408, 1426, 1428, 1446, and 1448 together form super page 1450. In some embodiments, super page 1450 may also include additional pages from other memory dies.

FIG. 15 is a flow chart describing one embodiment of a process for programming and reading data with updating of read compare voltages for super pages. In one example embodiment, the process of FIG. 15 is performed by any of the embodiments of a control circuit discussed above. In one example embodiment, the process of FIG. 15 is performed by integrated memory assembly 207 using any of the embodiments of a control circuit discussed above of control die 211 to program memory cells (e.g., NAND strings of memory structure 202) on memory die 201. In one embodiment, the process of FIG. 15 is performed at the direction of state machine 262 (or another processor). In another embodiment, the process of FIG. 15 is performed at the direction of memory controller 120.

In step 1500 of FIG. 15 , the one or more control circuits program a set of data into multiple non-volatile memory dies such that the set is stored in a super page that spans the multiple non-volatile memory dies. In one embodiment, step 1500 includes using the process of FIG. 6 to program data. Data can be programmed to the multiple non-volatile memory dies concurrently or serially. In step 1502, the one or more control circuits measure the current at time of programming the super page. The current is measured though one or more reference memory cells for the super page, as discussed above with respect to step 810 and step 812. In one embodiment, the current is measured on only one die, while in other embodiments, current is measured on all or multiple die for the super page. In step 1504, the measured current(s) from step 1502 is stored with meta data for the super page in DRAM (e.g., volatile memory 140).

In step 1506, the one or more control circuits determines that a power off process is being performed for the storage system. For example, the one or more control circuits circuit may have started a power off process (including a system reset), another component may have initiated a power off process that the one or more control circuits detected, the host may have requested a power off or reset, etc. In step 1508, the one or more control circuits flush the metadata before completing the powering off of the storage system, including the measured current values for one or more super pages, to one or more of the non-volatile memory dies in response to the power off process for the storage system. For example, the current data from time of programming for all super pages may be moved from metadata in volatile memory 140 to measured current data 1012 (or other location) in memory structure 202 in order to preserve the data after power is off (as volatile memory does not retain data after power is off). In step 1410, the one or more control circuits (or another component) power off the storage system (which, in some embodiments, can be part of a reset process).

In step 1512, the storage system (storage system 100 that includes the one or more control circuits and memory dies) powers on. In step 1514, the one or more control circuits determine that a power on process is being performed for the storage. system. In step 1516, the one or more control circuits load the metadata, including the current at time of programming for the super pages, from the one or more of the non-volatile memory dies (e.g., from measured current data 1012 in memory structure 202) into the volatile memory 140 (e.g., DRAM). In one embodiment, the one or more control circuits are configured to load the current at time of programming to the volatile memory from the one or more of the multiple non-volatile memory dies in response to the powering on process. In another embodiment, the one or more control circuits are configured to load the current at time of programming to the volatile memory from the one or more of the multiple non-volatile memory dies in response to receiving a read command for the data (all of the data or subset of the data). In step 1518, the one or more control circuits update the read compare voltages and read a super page of data. For example, step 1518 can include performing the process of FIG. 8B and/or 11 .

Note that the processes of FIGS. 11, 12 and 15 are example implementations of the process of FIG. 7 .

A non-volatile memory system has been describes that determine new read compare voltages when reading data based on a difference between memory cell current at time of programming and memory cell current at time of reading.

One embodiment includes a non-volatile storage apparatus, comprising a plurality of non-volatile memory cells and one or more control circuits connected to the non-volatile memory cells. The one or more control circuits are configured to program data to the non-volatile memory cells. The one or more control circuits are configured to read the programmed data from the non-volatile memory cells using a set of read compare voltages. The one or more control circuits are configured to determine the read compare voltages based on a difference between memory cell current at time of programming and memory cell current at time of reading.

One embodiment includes a method of operating non-volatile storage, comprising: receiving a request to program a first set of data; programming the first set of data into a first plurality of non-volatile memory cells that include reference memory cells; determining a current through the reference memory cells at time of programming; receiving a request to read the first set of data; determining a current through the reference memory cells at time of receiving the request to read the first set of data; determining a difference between the current through the reference memory cells at time of programming and current through the reference memory cells at time of receiving the request to read; dynamically determining read compare voltages based on the difference; reading the first data from the first plurality of non-volatile memory cells using the determined read compare voltages to identify which data states the first plurality of non-volatile memory cells are in, each data state is associated with predetermined data values; and reporting the first data read from the first plurality of non-volatile memory cells.

One embodiment includes a non-volatile storage apparatus, comprising a plurality of non-volatile memory cells forming an array of vertical NAND strings and one or more control circuits connected to the non-volatile memory cells. The one or more control circuits are configured to program data to the non-volatile memory cells and read the data from the non-volatile memory cells using a set of read compare voltages. The one or more control circuits comprise means for determining the read compare voltages based on a difference between memory cell current through one or more reference NAND strings at time of programming and memory cell current through the one or more reference NAND strings at time of reading.

Examples of the means for determining the read compare voltages includes any one of or any combination of memory controller 120, state machine 262, all or a portion of system control logic 260, all or a portion of row control circuitry 220, all or a portion of column control circuitry 210, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, and/or other similar functioned circuits (including hardware only or a combination of hardware and software/firmware) performing the processes of FIGS. 7, 8A/B, 12 and/or 15.

For purposes of this document, reference in the specification to “an embodiment,” “one embodiment,” “some embodiments,” or “another embodiment” may be used to describe different embodiments or the same embodiment.

For purposes of this document, a connection may be a direct connection or an indirect connection (e.g., via one or more other parts). In some cases, when an element is referred to as being connected or coupled to another element, the element may be directly connected to the other element or indirectly connected to the other element via one or more intervening elements. When an element is referred to as being directly connected to another element, then there are no intervening elements between the element and the other element. Two devices are “in communication” if they are directly or indirectly connected so that they can communicate electronic signals between them.

For purposes of this document, the term “based on” may be read as “based at least in part on.”

For purposes of this document, without additional context, use of numerical terms such as a “first” object, a “second” object, and a “third” object may not imply an ordering of objects, but may instead be used for identification purposes to identify different objects.

For purposes of this document, the term “set” of objects may refer to a “set” of one or more of the objects.

The foregoing detailed description has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The described embodiments were chosen in order to best explain the principles of the proposed technology and its practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize it in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope be defined by the claims appended hereto. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-volatile storage apparatus, comprising: a plurality of non-volatile memory cells; and one or more control circuits connected to the non-volatile memory cells, the one or more control circuits are configured to program data to the non-volatile memory cells, the one or more control circuits are configured to read the programmed data from the non-volatile memory cells using a set of read compare voltages, the one or more control circuits are configured to determine the read compare voltages based on a difference between memory cell current at time of programming and memory cell current at time of reading.
 2. The non-volatile storage apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the one or more control circuits are configured to program data to the non-volatile memory cells by programming the data into a first set of non-volatile memory cells that include reference memory cells; and the memory cell current is current through the reference memory cells.
 3. The non-volatile storage apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the one or more control circuits are configured to program data to the non-volatile memory cells by programming the data into a first set of non-volatile memory cells that include reference memory cells; the one or more control circuits are configured to determine memory cell current at time of programming by determining a current through the reference memory cells at time of programming; and the one or more control circuits are configured to determine memory cell current at time of reading by determining a current through the reference memory cells at time of reading.
 4. The non-volatile storage apparatus of claim 3, wherein: the first set of non-volatile memory cells comprise a block; and the reference memory cells include all memory cells of the block connected to a same bit line.
 5. The non-volatile storage apparatus of claim 3, wherein: the one or more control circuits are configured to program the reference memory cells to a predefined pattern of data with adjacent reference memory cells in different data states separated from each other by a majority of the data states.
 6. The non-volatile storage apparatus of claim 3, wherein: the first set of non-volatile memory cells comprise a set of NAND strings that include one or more reference NAND strings; the reference memory cells include memory cells of the one or more reference NAND strings; and the current through the reference memory cells at time of programming comprises current through the one or more reference NAND strings.
 7. The non-volatile storage apparatus of claim 6, wherein: the one or more control circuits are configured to program the one or more reference NAND strings to a predefined pattern of data with adjacent memory cells of the reference NAND strings in different data states separated from each other by a majority of the data states.
 8. The non-volatile storage apparatus of claim 7, wherein: the one or more control circuits are configured to program data to the non-volatile memory cells by programming the non-volatile memory cells to a set of data states; the one or more control circuits are configured to program the reference memory cells to an alternating pattern of a low threshold voltage data state and a high threshold data state; the high threshold data state associated with a high data state verify compare voltage; and the one or more control circuits are configured to determine memory cell current at time of reading by determining the current through the reference memory cells at time of reading in response to applying the high data state verify compare voltage plus an offset to all word lines connected to the reference memory cells.
 9. The non-volatile storage apparatus of claim 3, wherein: the one or more control circuits are configured to determine the current through the reference memory cells at time of programming by sensing a first analog current through the reference memory cells at time of programming, converting the first analog current to a first digital value and storing the digital value; the one or more control circuits are configured to determine memory cell current at time of reading by sensing a second analog current through the reference memory cells at time of reading and converting the second analog current to a second digital value; and the one or more control circuits are configured to determine the difference between memory cell current at time of programming and memory cell current at time of reading by comparing the first analog value to the second analog value.
 10. The non-volatile storage apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the one or more control circuits are configured to determine the read compare voltages by adjusting previous read compare voltages based on one or more records in a look-up table indexed to the difference between memory cell current at time of programming and memory cell current at time of reading.
 11. The non-volatile storage apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the one or more control circuits are configured to read the programmed data from the non-volatile memory cells using the set of read compare voltages to identify which data states the non-volatile memory cells are in, each data state is associated with predetermined data values.
 12. The non-volatile storage apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the one or more control circuits are configured to determine the read compare voltages based on a difference between memory cell current at time of programming and memory cell current at time of reading in response to a read operation failing for the programmed data.
 13. The non-volatile storage apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the one or more control circuits are configured to program data to the non-volatile memory cells in complete groups of data and incomplete groups of data; the complete groups of data include multiple pages of data; and the one or more control circuits are configured to determine the read compare voltages based on the difference between memory cell current at time of programming and memory cell current at time of reading for complete groups of data without determining read compare voltages based on the difference between memory cell current at time of programming and memory cell current at time of reading for incomplete groups of data.
 14. The non-volatile storage apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the one or more control circuits are configured to program data to the non-volatile memory cells across multiple memory die; the one or more control circuits are configured to determine the difference between memory cell current at time of programming and memory cell current at time of reading and store the difference in a volatile memory; the one or more control circuits are configured to flush the difference from volatile memory to additional non-volatile memory cells in response to system power off subsequent to the programming the data to the non-volatile memory cells across multiple memory die; and the one or more control circuits are configured to load the difference from the additional non-volatile memory cells to the volatile memory cells in response to system power on prior to the of the reading the programmed data.
 15. A method of operating non-volatile storage, comprising: receiving a request to program a first set of data; programming the first set of data into a first plurality of non-volatile memory cells that include reference memory cells; determining a current through the reference memory cells at time of programming; receiving a request to read the first set of data; determining a current through the reference memory cells at time of receiving the request to read the first set of data; determining a difference between the current through the reference memory cells at time of programming and current through the reference memory cells at time of receiving the request to read; dynamically determining read compare voltages based on the difference; reading the first data from the first plurality of non-volatile memory cells using the determined read compare voltages to identify which data states the first plurality of non-volatile memory cells are in, each data state is associated with predetermined data values; and reporting the first data read from the first plurality of non-volatile memory cells.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein: the first plurality of non-volatile memory cells comprise a block; and the reference memory cells include all memory cells of the block connected to a same bit line.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein: the programming the first set of data comprises programming the first plurality of non-volatile memory cells that include reference memory cells to a set of data states including programming the reference memory cells to an alternating pattern of a low threshold voltage data state and a high threshold data state; the high threshold data state associated with a high data state verify compare voltage; and the determining the current through the reference memory cells at time of receiving the request to read the first set of data comprises determining the current through the reference memory cells in response to applying the high data state verify compare voltage plus an offset to all word lines connected to the reference memory cells.
 18. A non-volatile storage apparatus, comprising: a plurality of non-volatile memory cells forming an array of vertical NAND strings; and one or more control circuits connected to the non-volatile memory cells, the one or more control circuits are configured to program data to the non-volatile memory cells and read the data from the non-volatile memory cells using a set of read compare voltages, the one or more control circuits comprise means for determining the read compare voltages based on a difference between memory cell current through one or more reference NAND strings at time of programming and memory cell current through the one or more reference NAND strings at time of reading.
 19. The non-volatile storage apparatus of claim 18, wherein: the one or more reference NAND strings are programmed to a predefined pattern of data with adjacent memory cells of the reference NAND strings in different data states separated from each other by a majority of the data states.
 20. The non-volatile storage apparatus of claim 18, wherein: the means for determining determines the read compare voltages by adjusting previous read compare voltages based on one or more records in a look-up table indexed to the difference between the memory cell current through the one or more reference NAND strings at time of programming and the memory cell current through the one or more reference NAND strings at time of reading. 